Corns and Callus

Calluses are diffused, flat thickening of the skin over weightbearing areas. They may not cause sharp pain if thin but can cause more discomfort and pain as they build up.

Corns are localised thickening of skin with a central translucent core often painful on pressure or standing and walking.

Foot deformities: hammer toes, bunions, claw toes, hallux valgus.

Biomechanical abnormalities: overpronation, forefoot varus, unequal weight distribution.

Improper footwear: tight shoes, high heels, hard soles.

Occupational causes: long hours of standing or walking.

Age: reduced skin elasticity and fat padding with age.

Systemic conditions: diabetes mellitus and peripheral neuropathy increase risk.